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Moscow
Excerpted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Moscow (Russian: romanised: Moskva) is the capital of Russia, and the country's economic, financial, educational, and transportation centre.
It is located on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District, in the European part of Russia.
Moscow is the largest city in Europe.
Historically, it was the capital of the former Soviet Union and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the pre-Imperial Russian state.

It is the site of the Kremlin, which now serves as the ceremonial residence of the President of Russia.

Moscow also remains a major economic centre and is home to a large number of billionaires; in 2007 Moscow was named the world's most expensive city for the second year in a row.
It is home to many scientific and educational institutions, as well as numerous sport facilities.
It possesses a complex transport system that includes the world's busiest metro system, which is famous for its architecture.

Moscow (English)
Political status: Federal district
Area: 1,081 km² (417.4 sq mi)
Population: (2002 Census) 10,126,424 inhabitants
Legislative body: City Duma
Charter: Charter of Moscow
Founded: 1147
Postal code: 101xxx-129xxx
Dialling codes: +7 495, +7 499
Official website: http://www.mos.ru

History
The city is named after the river Moskva River.
The origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist.
One theory suggests that the source of the name is an ancient Finnic language, in which it means "dark" and "turbid'.

The first Russian reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Yuri Dolgoruki called upon the prince of the Novgorod Republic to "come to me, brother, to Moscow."
Nine years later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruki of Rostov ordered the construction of a wooden wall, which had to be rebuilt multiple times, to surround the emerging city.
After the sacking of 1237-1238, when the Mongols burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and became the capital of an independent principality in 1327.
Its favourable position on the headwaters of the Volga River contributed to steady expansion.
Moscow developed into a stable and prosperous principality for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia.


Under Ivan I the city replaced Tver as a political center of Vladimir-Suzdal and became the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol-Tatar rulers.
By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan.
Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed intact to his eldest.
However, Moscow's opposition against foreign domination grew.
In 1380, prince Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important Kulikovo which was not decisive, though.
Only two years later Moscow was sacked by khan Tokhtamysh.
In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the centre of power in Russia.
Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia and other lands.
In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin.

In 1609, the Swedish-Finnish army led by Count Jacobus (Jaakko) De la Gardie ("Lazy Jaakko") and Evert (Eetvartti) Horn started their march from Velikiy Novgorod towards Moscow to help Tsar Vasili Shuiski, entered Moscow in 1610 and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but leaving it early next year 1611, following which the Polish-Lithuanian army invaded.


The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682.
The plague of 1654-1656 had killed half the population of Moscow.
The city ceased to be Russia's capital in 1712, after the founding of St. Petersburg by Peter the Great on the Baltic coast in 1703.
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Muscovites burned the city and evacuated, as Napoleon's forces were approaching on 14 September.
Napoleon's army, plagued by hunger, cold, and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces.
In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, on March 12, 1918, Moscow became the capital of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union less than five years later.



1941 May Day parade at the Red Square with Stalin


Red Square military Parade 1974


The Soviet military might paraded at the Red Square,
that kept the west shaking in their boots during the 'Cold War' years


During the Great Patriotic War (a part of World War II after German invasion in the USSR), the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army was located in Moscow.
In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites.
In November 1941, German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow.
Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be under siege.
Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defences, while the city was bombarded from the air.
It is of some note that Stalin refused to leave the city, meaning the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well.
Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of Moscow's metro system, continued through the war and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened.
On May 1, 1944, a medal For the defence of Moscow and in 1947 another medal In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow were instituted.
On May 8, 1965, in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, Moscow was one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the title of the Hero City.
In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games.

In 1991, Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by the government members opposed to the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.
When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital of Russia.
Since then, the emergence of a market economy in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.
Besides the historical traits of Moscow, it has many different agricultural attributes.
In 1998, it hosted the first World Youth Games.




New year celebration at the Red Square 2007

For a more information about Moscow see Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page was retrieved and condensed from (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow) see Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, January 2008.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see Copyrights for details).
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers

This information was correct in January 2008. E. & O.E.


2007

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